良工閥門(mén)：套筒結(jié)構(gòu)閥門(mén)

　　Lianggong Valve: Sleeve Structure Valve

　　如今人們?cè)诹黧w控制，機(jī)器視覺(jué)，以及非標(biāo)自動(dòng)化等多個(gè)領(lǐng)域已經(jīng)有了較為深入的研究，大家對(duì)工業(yè)領(lǐng)域的探索已經(jīng)越過(guò)了從0到1的初始階段，向著更精密、更高效、更普適的角度邁進(jìn)。本期是《一天帶你認(rèn)識(shí)一個(gè)新概念》系列的第一期，套筒蒸汽閥篇。我們將專(zhuān)注于高校與研究所近幾年來(lái)的研究選題與方向，為大家科普解析這些研究對(duì)象。

　　Nowadays, people have conducted in-depth research in multiple fields such as fluid control, machine vision, and non-standard automation. The exploration of the industrial field has surpassed the initial stage from 0 to 1 and is moving towards a more precise, efficient, and universal perspective. This issue is the first installment of the "One Day Introducing a New Concept" series, titled "Sleeve Steam Valve". We will focus on the research topics and directions of universities and research institutes in recent years, and provide science popularization and analysis of these research objects for everyone.

　　蒸汽調(diào)節(jié)閥是一種由“執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)+閥體”組成的自動(dòng)控制閥門(mén)，通過(guò)接收工業(yè)控制系統(tǒng)（如DCS、PLC）的信號(hào)，驅(qū)動(dòng)閥芯與閥座相對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)，改變蒸汽流通面積，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)蒸汽參數(shù)（壓力/流量/溫度）的精準(zhǔn)調(diào)節(jié)，是調(diào)節(jié)流體介質(zhì)流量和壓力以保證機(jī)組能夠安全、高效、經(jīng)濟(jì)運(yùn)行的關(guān)鍵控制元件，被稱(chēng)為熱力系統(tǒng)的“咽喉”①。

　　A steam regulating valve is an automatic control valve composed of an actuator and a valve body. By receiving signals from industrial control systems such as DCS and PLC, it drives the relative movement of the valve core and seat, changes the steam flow area, and achieves precise adjustment of steam parameters (pressure/flow rate/temperature). It is a key control component for regulating fluid medium flow rate and pressure to ensure safe, efficient, and economical operation of the unit, and is known as the "throat" of the thermal system.

　　但隨著工況的復(fù)雜化、對(duì)精度的高要求，閥內(nèi)的流態(tài)變得十分復(fù)雜，普通的蒸汽調(diào)節(jié)閥已經(jīng)無(wú)法滿(mǎn)足工業(yè)活動(dòng)的需求。因此部分高校與研究所提出了套筒式蒸汽調(diào)節(jié)閥，并對(duì)其結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)和流動(dòng)特性進(jìn)行了研究分析與優(yōu)化升級(jí)。? 作為工業(yè)流體控制領(lǐng)域的關(guān)鍵設(shè)備，套筒式蒸汽閥憑借其穩(wěn)定的調(diào)節(jié)性能、抗沖蝕設(shè)計(jì)和寬工況適配能力，廣泛應(yīng)用于電力、石化、冶金等行業(yè)的蒸汽輸送與工藝控制場(chǎng)景。

　　But with the increasing complexity of working conditions and high precision requirements, the flow state inside the valve has become very complex, and ordinary steam regulating valves can no longer meet the needs of industrial activities. Therefore, some universities and research institutes have proposed sleeve type steam regulating valves and conducted research, analysis, optimization, and upgrading on their structural design and flow characteristics.? As a key equipment in the field of industrial fluid control, sleeve type steam valves are widely used in steam transportation and process control scenarios in industries such as power, petrochemicals, metallurgy, etc., due to their stable regulating performance, erosion resistance design, and wide working condition adaptability.

　　它是一種以“套筒”為核心節(jié)流元件的蒸汽控制閥門(mén)，通過(guò)閥芯在套筒內(nèi)的軸向移動(dòng)，改變蒸汽流通面積，實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)蒸汽壓力、流量、溫度的精準(zhǔn)調(diào)節(jié)，同時(shí)具備抗汽蝕、減噪音、耐高溫高壓的特性，是工業(yè)蒸汽系統(tǒng)“穩(wěn)工況、降能耗”的關(guān)鍵設(shè)備。

　　It is a steam control valve with a "sleeve" as the core throttling element, which changes the steam flow area through the axial movement of the valve core inside the sleeve, achieving precise adjustment of steam pressure, flow rate, and temperature. At the same time, it has the characteristics of anti cavitation, noise reduction, and high temperature and high pressure resistance. It is a key equipment for industrial steam systems to "stabilize working conditions and reduce energy consumption".

　　套筒調(diào)節(jié)閥主要分為三大結(jié)構(gòu)：套筒、閥芯、閥座和閥體。套筒是閥門(mén)的“節(jié)流核心”，通常開(kāi)有特定形狀的窗口（如矩形、梯形、V型），窗口設(shè)計(jì)直接決定流量特性（線(xiàn)性、等百分比、快開(kāi)）；閥芯與套筒精密配合，通過(guò)執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)（氣動(dòng)/電動(dòng)）驅(qū)動(dòng)，沿軸向移動(dòng)改變窗口開(kāi)度，控制蒸汽通斷與流量；閥座采用硬質(zhì)合金或耐磨材料，與閥芯形成密封副，防止蒸汽泄漏；閥體采用耐高溫高壓設(shè)計(jì)，適配蒸汽介質(zhì)的極端工況。

　　Sleeve regulating valves are mainly divided into three structures: sleeve, valve core, valve seat, and valve body. The sleeve is the "throttling core" of the valve, usually with windows of specific shapes (such as rectangular, trapezoidal, V-shaped), and the window design directly determines the flow characteristics (linear, equal percentage, fast opening); The valve core and sleeve are precisely matched, driven by an actuator (pneumatic/electric) to move along the axial direction to change the window opening and control the steam on/off and flow rate; The valve seat is made of hard alloy or wear-resistant material, forming a sealing pair with the valve core to prevent steam leakage; The valve body adopts a high-temperature and high-pressure resistant design, suitable for extreme working conditions of steam media.

　　我們可以將套筒調(diào)節(jié)閥看作“可調(diào)大小的水管出水口”：套筒相當(dāng)于帶固定窗口的“限流板”，閥芯相當(dāng)于“堵頭”--執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)推動(dòng)閥芯移動(dòng)時(shí)，閥芯與套筒窗口的重疊面積變化，蒸汽通過(guò)的“通道大小”隨之改變，從而精準(zhǔn)調(diào)節(jié)蒸汽流量；同時(shí)，套筒的導(dǎo)向結(jié)構(gòu)能穩(wěn)定閥芯運(yùn)動(dòng)，避免高壓蒸汽沖擊導(dǎo)致的閥芯振動(dòng)。

　　We can regard the sleeve regulating valve as an "adjustable water pipe outlet": the sleeve is equivalent to a "flow limiting plate" with a fixed window, and the valve core is equivalent to a "plug" - when the actuator pushes the valve core to move, the overlapping area between the valve core and the sleeve window changes, and the "channel size" through which steam passes changes accordingly, thereby accurately adjusting the steam flow rate; At the same time, the guiding structure of the sleeve can stabilize the movement of the valve core and avoid valve core vibration caused by high-pressure steam impact.

　　但國(guó)內(nèi)缺乏高參數(shù)閥門(mén)的理論依據(jù)，普通的套筒蒸汽調(diào)節(jié)閥在實(shí)驗(yàn)效率與流量特性等多個(gè)方面仍需優(yōu)化。

　　However, there is a lack of theoretical basis for high parameter valves in China, and ordinary sleeve steam regulating valves still need to be optimized in terms of experimental efficiency and flow characteristics.

　　因此浙江大學(xué)化工機(jī)械研究所人員針對(duì)套筒式蒸汽調(diào)節(jié)閥的開(kāi)孔優(yōu)化與流動(dòng)特性等問(wèn)題設(shè)計(jì)了多級(jí)套筒式蒸汽調(diào)節(jié)閥，結(jié)構(gòu)主要由多級(jí)套筒、閥體、閥桿、閥蓋和閥芯等組成。過(guò)熱蒸汽從閥門(mén)進(jìn)口流入，經(jīng)過(guò)多級(jí)套筒和閥芯，從閥門(mén)出口流出。多級(jí)套筒的作用是使蒸汽流動(dòng)時(shí)產(chǎn)生一定的局部阻力，從而控制過(guò)熱蒸汽的絕熱壓縮過(guò)程，達(dá)到控制蒸汽流量降壓的目的②。（具體參數(shù)詳見(jiàn)《自動(dòng)化儀表》套筒式蒸汽調(diào)節(jié)閥開(kāi)孔優(yōu)化與流動(dòng)特性分析）

　　Therefore, personnel from the Institute of Chemical Machinery at Zhejiang University have designed a multi-stage sleeve type steam regulating valve to address issues such as hole optimization and flow characteristics of sleeve type steam regulating valves. The structure mainly consists of multi-stage sleeves, valve bodies, valve stems, valve covers, and valve cores. Overheated steam flows in from the valve inlet, passes through multi-stage sleeves and valve cores, and flows out from the valve outlet. The function of multi-stage sleeves is to generate a certain local resistance when steam flows, thereby controlling the adiabatic compression process of superheated steam and achieving the goal of controlling steam flow and reducing pressure. (For specific parameters, please refer to "Optimization of Opening and Flow Characteristics Analysis of Sleeve Steam Regulating Valve in Automation Instruments")

　　當(dāng)前，盡管高參數(shù)場(chǎng)景下的蒸汽調(diào)節(jié)閥的結(jié)構(gòu)與性能優(yōu)化仍有提升空間，但多個(gè)科研團(tuán)隊(duì)通過(guò)結(jié)構(gòu)創(chuàng)新、流場(chǎng)仿真與材料升級(jí)的深度融合，使得套筒式蒸汽閥正朝著更精密、更智能、更耐用的方向邁進(jìn)。未來(lái)，隨著人工智能、數(shù)字孿生等技術(shù)與流體控制領(lǐng)域的進(jìn)一步結(jié)合，套筒式蒸汽閥將在更廣闊的場(chǎng)景中實(shí)現(xiàn)突破，為工業(yè)智能化轉(zhuǎn)型注入更強(qiáng)勁的動(dòng)力，持續(xù)守護(hù)熱力系統(tǒng)的穩(wěn)定高效運(yùn)行，成為“雙碳”目標(biāo)下綠色制造的重要支撐。

　　Currently, although there is still room for improvement in the structure and performance optimization of steam regulating valves in high parameter scenarios, multiple research teams are deeply integrating structural innovation, flow field simulation, and material upgrades to make sleeve type steam valves move towards greater precision, intelligence, and durability. In the future, with the further integration of technologies such as artificial intelligence and digital twins with the field of fluid control, sleeve type steam valves will achieve breakthroughs in a wider range of scenarios, injecting stronger power into the transformation of industrial intelligence, continuously safeguarding the stable and efficient operation of thermal systems, and becoming an important support for green manufacturing under the "dual carbon" goal.